Daulton+Shaw

=**Mastery:**=

** Provide practice opportunities to develop life skills instead of limiting it to classroom**

 * Mastery learning curricula generally consist of discrete topics which all students begin together. Students who do not satisfactorily complete a topic are given additional instruction until they succeed. Students who master the topic early engage in enrichment activities until the entire class can progress together. Mastery learning includes many elements of successful tutoring and the independent functionality seen in high-end students. In a mastery learning environment, the teacher directs a variety of group-based instructional techniques, with frequent and specific feedback by using**

==**Circle justice** is a [|Native American] form of justice, originating in Canada that seeks healing in country to the regular punishment ways and is portrayed in [|Ben Mikaelsen]'s novel "[|Touching Spirit Bear]". It is mostly practiced in [|Minnesota] and some other Midwestern states. Volunteers help sentence offenders and then help them lead better lives and live better.== ==Circle Justice focuses on healing the offender, victim, and community whereas [|retributive justice] focuses on punishing the offender.[|[][|1][|]]== ==The concept of Circle Justice is a pirate theme in the children's book "[|Captain Hook]" by [|Ben Mikaelsen]. The novel '[|Touching Spirit Bear]' (also by Ben Mikaelsen) is another example of circle justice.== ==Also, several [|Native American] tribes, including the [|Tlingit], regularly use this form of justice for their wrongdoers. Although it is intended for each tribe's use, they allow others to join their circle.[//[|citation needed]//]==
 * The Circle of Courage, is a model of youth empowerment supported by contemporary research, the heritage of early youth work pioneers and Native philosophies of child care. The model is encompassed in four core values: belonging, mastery, independence, and generosity. The central theme of this model is that a set of shared values must exist in any community to create environments that ultimately benefit all.**
 * In 1990, Dr. Larry Brendtro, Dr. Martin Brokenleg, and Dr. Steve Van Bockern, Augustana College faculty, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, published //Reclaiming Youth at Risk: Our Hope for the Future//. The authors suggested that children who are often referred to as "alienated", "troubled" or "difficult" are at risk because they live in an environment that is hazardous - one that breeds discouragement. By contrast, an environment that promotes courage is one that fosters changes to meet the needs of the young person and society and subsequently reclaims youth at risk.**
 * The model is represented by a circle - the medicine wheel - that is divided into quadrants. The circle is sacred and suggests the interconnectedness of life. Likewise, it expresses the sacredness of the number four - the four directions, the four elements of the universe, and the four races. Each quadrant of the CIRCLE OF COURAGE stands for a central value - belonging, mastery, independence, and generosity - of an environment that can claim and reclaim all youth. It represents the "cultural birthright for all the world’s children."**
 * The Circle of Courage is a philosophy that integrates the best of Western educational thought with the wisdom of indigenous cultures and emerging research on positive youth development. The circle suggests the importance of the shared values of belonging, generosity, independence, and mastery. While the four dimensions of the Circle of Courage can be described individually, they must be viewed as one. Ideas from the book //Reclaiming Youth at Risk: Our Hope for the Future// offer insight on understanding the four values:**
 * [[image:http://www.reclaiming.com/content/sites/default/files/Belonging.jpg width="117" height="83" align="left" link="@http://www.reclaiming.com/pcart/index.php?p=product&id=10&parent=10"]]Belonging:**
 * In Native American and First Nations cultures, significance was nurtured in communities of belonging. Lakota anthropologist Ella Deloria described the core value of belonging in these simple words: "Be related, somehow, to everyone you know." Treating others as kin forges powerful social bonds that draw all into relationships of respect. Theologian Martin Marty observed that throughout history the tribe, not the nuclear family, always** ensured the survival of the culture. Even if parents died or were not responsible, **the tribe was always there to nourish the next generation.**
 * [[image:http://www.reclaiming.com/content/sites/default/files/Mastery.jpg width="127" height="67" align="right" link="@http://www.reclaiming.com/pcart/index.php?p=product&id=10&parent=10"]]Mastery:**
 * Competence in traditional cultures is ensured by guaranteed opportunity for mastery. Children were taught to carefully observe and listen to those with more experience. A person with greater ability was seen as a model for learning, not as a rival. Each person strives for mastery for personal growth, but not to be superior to someone else. Humans have an innate drive to become competent and solve problems. With success in surmounting challenges, the desire to achieve is strengthened.**
 * [[image:http://www.reclaiming.com/content/sites/default/files/Independence.jpg width="128" height="87" align="left" link="@http://www.reclaiming.com/pcart/index.php?p=product&id=10&parent=10"]]Independence:**
 * Power in Western culture was based on dominance, but in tribal traditions it meant respecting the right for independence. In contrast to obedience models of discipline, Native teaching was designed to build respect and teach inner discipline. From earliest childhood, children were encouraged to make decisions, solve problems, and show personal responsibility. Adults modeled, nurtured, taught values, and gave feedback, but children were given abundant opportunities to make choices without coercion.**
 * [[image:http://www.reclaiming.com/content/sites/default/files/Generosity.jpg width="133" height="81" align="right" link="@http://www.reclaiming.com/pcart/index.php?p=product&id=10&parent=10"]]Generosity:**
 * Finally, virtue was reflected in the preeminent value of generosity. The central goal in Native American child-rearing is to the teach the importance of being generous and unselfish. In the words of a Lakota Elder, "You should be able to give away your most cherished possession without your heart beating faster." In helping others, youth create their own proof of worthiness: they make a positive contribution to another human life**.